To calculate solar radiation at a potential location for a photovoltaic (PV) site, a number of methods can be used, including:
On-site Measurements: A pyranometer, a device that measures solar radiation, is installed at the potential site, and measurements are taken over a period of time. This method is considered the most accurate, but it also requires a significant investment in terms of time and money.
Satellite Imagery: Satellite imagery, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) data, can be used to estimate solar radiation at a potential site. This method is relatively inexpensive and can provide measurements over a large area, but it is not as accurate as on-site measurements.
Numerical Weather Prediction Models: Computational models, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, are used to predict solar radiation based on input data from weather stations, radar, and satellites. These models can provide a good estimate of solar radiation at a potential site, but they rely on the availability and quality of input data.
Solar Resource Maps: Solar resource maps, such as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) solar resource maps, provide an estimate of solar radiation based on historical weather data. These maps can be useful for preliminary assessments, but they are not as accurate as other methods.
Once the solar radiation has been measured or estimated, it can be used to determine the potential power output of a PV system at the site, as well as the size and type of PV system that would be most suitable. Factors such as shading, terrain, and weather patterns will also be considered when choosing the best location for a PV site.
It is important to note that the measurement of solar radiation should be done at least for one year to have a better estimation of the solar radiation in a given location.
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